Gray’s ‘Elegy’: Line-by-Line Amazing Analysis

Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard

Introduction:

Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard is a well-known poem by Thomas Gray, first published in 1751. In the poem, the speaker walks through a quiet country graveyard at dusk and thinks about death. He reflects that everyone, no matter how rich or poor, will eventually die. The fancy tombs of the wealthy won’t help them come back to life. The speaker also imagines the lives of the ordinary people buried in the graveyard and thinks about how they might have done great things if their lives had been different. The poem ends with the speaker imagining what his own grave might say.

Gray’s ‘Elegy’: Line-by-Line Analysis Guide

Line by line analysis of the poem:

Curfew -bell

Tolls -rings

Knell -the sound of the bell

Parting – This means the end of the day.

Curfew….day – The sound of the evening bell marks the end of the day and the start of night.

Lowing: This means the sound cows make, like a soft mooing.

Herd: A group of cows.

Wind: move or go.

Slowly: slowly.

Lea: This means a grassy field or meadow.

The lowing …the lea -In this line, the poem describes cows (“the lowing herd”) making their way home. The cows move slowly across a grassy field (“the lea”).

Plowman: A person who plows on the field or turn the soil.

Homeward: On the way home.

Plods: Walks slowly and heavily, reflecting his exhaustion.

Weary: Tired.

The plowman … weary way -The line describes a farmer (the plowman) who is tired from working all day and is making his slow, heavy journey back home.

Leaves: Goes away from or abandons.

The world: The place where people live; here, it means the countryside or the village.

And to me: Refers to the speaker of the poem, who is left alone.

And leaves … and to me -The line describes how, as night falls, everyone goes home and the world around the speaker becomes dark. The speaker is left alone in this darkened setting.

Now: At this moment; currently.

Fades: Slowly disappears or becomes less clear.

The glimm’ring: The shimmering or shining; in this case, it’s a poetic way of saying “glowing” or “twinkling.”

Landscape: The view or scenery of the land.

On the sight: In what you see or view.

Now fades the … sight -The line describes how the glowing or shining view of the countryside is becoming less clear as darkness falls.

All the air: The entire atmosphere or space around.

A solemn stillness: A serious and quiet calmness.

Holds: Contains or has.

And all … stillness holds -This line means that the entire atmosphere around is very quiet and serious.

Save: Except for or excluding.

The beetle: A type of insect, like a small bug.

Wheels: Moves in a circular or spinning way.

His droning flight: His slow, humming movement.

Save where … droning flight -This line means that, apart from the quiet and stillness mentioned before, there is one exception: the beetle. The beetle moves around in circles, making a soft, continuous humming sound as it flies. This image highlights the contrast between the complete stillness of the evening and the small, persistent noise of the beetle.

Drowsy: Sleepy or relaxing.

Tinklings: Soft, light sounds, like gentle ringing.

Lull: To make calm or sleepy.

The distant folds: The faraway hills or fields.

And drowsy … distant folds -This line means that the soft, sleepy sounds (like gentle bells) help to calm or soothe the faraway hills or fields. The “drowsy tinklings” create a peaceful and relaxing atmosphere, making the landscape seem calm and serene.

Save: Except for or excluding.

That: Refers to something specific that will be mentioned.

From: Coming out of or originating from.

Yonder: Over there, or at a distance.

Ivy-mantled: Covered with ivy, which is a type of plant that grows over things.

Tow’r: A short form of “tower,” which is a tall building or structure.

Save that … ivy-mantled tow’r -everything is quiet and calm except for the sound coming from a distant tower that is covered in ivy.

Moping: Feeling sad or gloomy, like someone who is sulking.

Owl: A bird that is active at night and is known for its hooting sound.

The moon: The big, bright object in the sky at night.

Complain: To express unhappiness or dissatisfaction.

The moping owl … moon complain -the sad or gloomy owl is making sounds to the moon, as if it’s expressing its sadness or dissatisfaction to it.

Of such: Refers to people or things like the ones mentioned before (e.g., the owl).

Wand’ring: Moving around without a specific direction or purpose, like wandering.

Her: Refers to the owl, as if the owl owns or is associated with something.

Secret: Hidden or not easily seen.

Bow’r: A cozy, secluded place, often a small shelter or resting spot (in this case, the owl’s hiding place or nest).

Of such … her secret bow’r – the owl is in a hidden or private place, close to where it lives. The owl makes sounds or noises that are heard near this secret spot. This helps create a feeling of quiet and mystery in the poem, showing how the night is peaceful but also filled with subtle sounds.

Molest: Disturb or bother.

Her: Refers to the owl.

Ancient: Very old.

Solitary: Lonely or alone.

Reign: Rule or control.

Molest … solitary reign -the owl is disturbing or bothering the quiet, lonely night. The owl’s sounds are interrupting the peaceful and old way the night is usually calm and undisturbed.

Beneath: Underneath.

Rugged: Rough, strong, and sturdy.

Elms: Large trees with wide branches.

Yew-tree: A tree often found in old graveyards, associated with death and remembrance.

Shade: The shadow or cool, dark area created by the trees.

Beneath … yew-tree’s shade -This line describes a scene taking place under some rough, strong elm trees and a yew tree.

Heaves: Rises or swells up.

Turf: Grass-covered ground or soil.

Mould’ring: Slowly decaying or crumbling.

Heap: A pile or mound.

Where heaves … mould’ring heap -This line describes the ground in the graveyard where the earth rises up in small mounds. These mounds are covered with turf (grass) and are slowly crumbling or decaying, indicating that they are old graves.

Each: Refers to every person buried in the graveyard.

Narrow cell: A small, confined space, referring to the grave.

For ever laid: Buried for eternity, never to rise again.

Each in … for ever laid –This line talks about how each person is buried in a small, tight grave, which is compared to a “narrow cell.” The phrase “for ever laid” emphasizes that once they are buried, they will remain in that grave forever.

Rude: Refers to the simple, unrefined nature of the forefathers, meaning they were not sophisticated or wealthy.

Forefathers: The ancestors or previous generations of people in the village (hamlet).

Hamlet: A small village or community.

Sleep: A gentle way of saying that these ancestors have passed away and are buried.

The rude … hamlet sleep -This line talks about the simple, hardworking ancestors of the small village who are now buried and resting in the graveyard.

Breezy: Refers to a gentle wind or light breeze.

Call: The sound or signal made by the breeze.

Incense-breathing: The morning air is described as if it is breathing out a sweet, pleasant smell like incense (aroma).

Morn: A poetic way of saying “morning.”

The breezy call of incense-breathing Morn -This line describes the fresh and pleasant feeling of the morning. The gentle breeze in the morning is personified, meaning it is given human-like qualities.

Swallow: A small bird known for its graceful flight.

Twitt’ring: The sound that the swallow makes, similar to chirping or tweeting.

Straw-built shed: A simple, rustic shelter made from straw, likely part of a farm or rural setting.

The swallow … the straw-built shed -This line describes a simple, peaceful scene where a swallow, a small bird, is making soft, cheerful sounds (twitt’ring) from a shed made of straw. The image of the bird singing from a humble, straw-built shed creates a feeling of rustic charm and tranquility.

Cock: A rooster, a male chicken known for crowing at dawn.

Shrill: A high-pitched and sharp sound.

Clarion: A loud and clear sound, like a trumpet.

Echoing horn: The sound of a horn that bounces back, creating an echo.

The cock’s … echoing horn -This line talks about the sharp and loud crowing of a rooster in the early morning, which is described as a “shrill clarion,” meaning it is a piercing and clear sound. The comparison to a trumpet or horn emphasizes how the rooster’s crow cuts through the silence of the morning, much like a trumpet sound would. The “echoing horn” suggests that the sound might be reflected back, making it even more noticeable.

No more shall rouse them -no one or nothing will wake these people up anymore.

From their lowly bed –from their simple resting place

Lowly –lowly here symbolize a place lower in position means grave.

For them no more – means that these people will no longer experience something.

The blazing hearth – refers to a fireplace or a place where a fire burns brightly.

For them no … shall burn – means the bright and warm fire in the fireplace will not burn for these people anymore.

Busy housewife – refers to a woman who takes care of the home and is very active or occupied with household chores.

Ply – means to engage in or perform an activity or work

Her evening care – refers to the tasks or activities that the housewife does in the evening.

Run to lisp – means children moving quickly to speak or say something

Sire – is an old-fashioned word for “father”

Lisp – refers to speaking with a slight difficulty, often with a mispronunciation of sounds, especially “s” and “z.”

No children … sire’s return -no children runs to their father to say something when their fathers come back to their home.

Or climb his knees -a child, trying to climb onto the knees of his or her father

The envied kiss – refers to a kiss that others might wish to receive or be jealous of.

To share -the person climbing the knees wants to participate in or be part of the kiss.

Or climb his … to share -a child trying to climb onto the knees of a beloved elder, father, eager to receive a kiss that is highly valued and envied by others.

The harvest: “The harvest” refers to the crops that are ready to be gathered from the fields, like wheat or corn. So, this part talks about the time when the crops are ready to be collected.

To their sickle yield: “Sickle” is a curved tool used by farmers to cut crops. “Yield” here means to give way or to produce. So, “to their sickle yield” means that the crops were easily cut down by the sickle. The harvest was plentiful and cooperative, making it easy for the farmers to gather the crops.

Oft did the … sickle yield -The line as a whole suggests that the harvest was successful and abundant.

How jocund – jocund means cheerful or joyful. So, how jocund suggests that they were very happy or in high spirits.

Did they drive – did they drive refers to the action of guiding or leading their team of animals, like oxen or horses, that are pulling a plow or wagon.

Their team – their team refers to the group of animals, such as oxen or horses, that the farmers are using to work the fields.

Afield – afield means out in the fields, away from the home or barn. It indicates that they are working out in the open countryside, tending to their land.

How jocund … team afield – means that the farmers were cheerfully and happily guiding their animals as they worked in the fields.

How bow’d – bow’d means bent or curved. So, how bow’d suggests that something was bending or giving way under pressure.

The woods – the woods refers to the trees or forest. In this context, it indicates the trees in a wooded area.

Beneath – beneath means under or below. It indicates that the woods (trees) were bending under something.

Their sturdy stroke – their sturdy stroke refers to the strong and forceful blows made by the farmers or woodcutters using tools like axes. Sturdy means strong and tough, while stroke refers to the act of striking or hitting.

How bow’d … sturdy stroke – means that the trees in the woods bent or fell under the strong and powerful blows of the farmers or woodcutters.

Let not – let not means “do not allow” or “do not let.” It’s a way of making a strong request or plea.

Ambition – Ambition refers to a strong desire for success, power, or achievement. In this context, it symbolizes the pursuit of high status or personal gain.

Mock – mock means to make fun of, ridicule, or treat something as unimportant. Here, it suggests belittling or dismissing.

Their useful toil – their useful toil refers to the hard work or labor that is beneficial and valuable. Toil means hard, continuous work, and useful indicates that the work is practical and contributes something positive.

Let not … useful toil – means that ambition or the desire for personal success should not belittle or ridicule the hard work and labor of ordinary people.

Their homely joys – homely joys refers to the simple, everyday pleasures and happiness found in ordinary life. Homely here means plain or modest, not elaborate or grand.

And destiny obscure – destiny refers to the course of events or the future that is thought to be determined by fate. Obscure means unclear or unknown. So, destiny obscure refers to a future that is uncertain or not well-known.

Their homely … destiny obscure – means the simple, everyday pleasures they enjoyed in their modest lives and the uncertain or unknown future that lay ahead for them.

Nor Grandeur – Grandeur refers to magnificence or greatness, often associated with wealth, power, or high social status. In this context, it means something grand or impressive.

Hear with a disdainful smile – Hear means to listen or pay attention. Disdainful smile refers to a smile that shows a lack of respect or contempt. Disdainful means scornful or dismissive, and smile indicates the expression on the face.

Nor Grandeur hear with a disdainful smile – means that grandness or high social status should not look down upon or mock with contempt the simple and modest lives of ordinary people.

The short and simple – short means brief in length or duration, and simple means easy to understand or not complicated. So, short and simple describes something that is brief and straightforward.

Annals – Annals refers to records or chronicles of events. In this context, it means the written history or accounts of people’s lives.

Of the poor – of the poor refers to people who are impoverished or have little wealth.

The short and simple annals of the poor – means the brief and straightforward records or stories of the lives of poor people.

The boast of heraldry – Heraldry refers to the system of designing and displaying coats of arms and family crests. Boast means to proudly talk about something. So, the boast of heraldry refers to the pride or showiness associated with noble or family crests and symbols.

The pomp of pow’r – Pomp means ceremonial or grand display, often involving elaborate decorations or ceremonies. Pow’r (short for power) refers to authority or influence. So, the pomp of pow’r refers to the grand and showy display of power and authority.

“The boast of heraldry, the pomp of pow’r” – means the pride associated with noble symbols and the grand display of power and authority. This line contrasts the flashy and proud elements of high social status and power with the more humble and simple lives of ordinary people.

And all that beauty – Beauty refers to physical attractiveness or charm. All that beauty means every bit of attractiveness or charm that can be found.

All that wealth – Wealth refers to large amounts of money or valuable possessions. All that wealth means every bit of riches or material goods.

E’er gave – E’er is an old-fashioned way of saying ever. Gave means to provide or bestow. So, e’er gave means what has ever been given or provided.

“And all that beauty, all that wealth e’er gave” – means everything that beauty and wealth have ever provided or offered.

Awaits alike – Awaits means to wait for or to expect something. Alike means in the same way or similarly. So, awaits alike means that something waits for or affects everyone in the same manner.

Th’ inevitable hour – Th’ is a shortened form of the. Inevitable means certain to happen, unavoidable. Hour in this context represents a specific time, often referring to death or the end of life.

“Awaits alike th’ inevitable hour” – means that the inevitable or unavoidable moment, such as death, is something that everyone will face, regardless of their status or wealth.

The paths of glory – Paths refer to routes or ways, and glory means great honor, fame, or admiration. So, the paths of glory refers to the routes or achievements that bring fame and honor.

Lead but to the grave – Lead means to guide or direct. But here means “only” or “just.” The grave refers to a place where people are buried after death.

“The paths of glory lead but to the grave” – means that even the most celebrated achievements and honors ultimately lead to death. This line reflects on the idea that, no matter how glorious or esteemed one’s life may be, it ends in the same way for everyone—in the grave.

Nor you – Nor means “neither” or “not,” and you refers to the people being addressed. In this context, it means “do not you” or “do not you.”

Ye proud – Ye is an old-fashioned way of saying you. Proud refers to those who are arrogant or boastful about their high status or achievements.

Impute to these – Impute means to attribute or assign a fault or quality to someone. To these refers to the people being talked about, often those who have lived simple or humble lives.

The fault – The fault means the blame or mistake.

“Nor you, ye proud, impute to these the fault” – means “Do not, you arrogant people, blame these humble individuals for anything.” The line is asking those who are proud and boastful not to assign any fault or blame to ordinary people. It suggests that the humble lives of the less fortunate should not be judged or criticized by those who hold themselves in high regard.

If Mem’ry – Mem’ry is an old-fashioned or shortened form of memory. Memory here refers to the act of remembering or the way people remember someone after they are gone.

O’er their tomb – O’er is a shortened form of over. Their tomb refers to the grave or burial place of the deceased.

No trophies raise – No trophies means no symbols of honor or recognition. Raise means to create or put up. So, no trophies raise means that no honors or memorials are made.

“If Mem’ry o’er their tomb no trophies raise” – means “If memory does not create any honors or memorials over their graves.” This line reflects on the idea that even if there are no grand monuments or public recognition for the deceased, it does not diminish their worth or the significance of their lives.

Where thro’ – Where means in or at a particular place. Thro’ is an old-fashioned or shortened form of through. So, where thro’ means “where through” or “in the place where.”

The long-drawn aisle – The long-drawn means extended or stretched out. Aisle refers to a passage between rows of seats in a church or other large building. So, the long-drawn aisle refers to a long, narrow passageway in a church.

And fretted vault – And connects two ideas. Fretted means decorated with intricate designs or patterns, often in a way that looks like it is worn or carved. Vault refers to an arched, often underground chamber or space, usually found in churches as a burial place. So, fretted vault means an ornate or intricately decorated burial chamber.

“Where thro’ the long-drawn aisle and fretted vault” – means “In the place where the long, narrow passageway and the intricately decorated burial chamber are located.” This line describes the setting of a church or burial place, focusing on the architectural features that create a somber and reverent atmosphere.

The pealing anthem – Pealing means a loud, resonant sound, like bells ringing. Anthem refers to a song of praise or celebration, often sung in a church. So, the pealing anthem means a powerful, resonant song or hymn.

Swells – Swells means to grow in volume or intensity. Here, it means the anthem increases in loudness and strength.

The note of praise – Note refers to a musical tone or sound. Praise means expressing admiration or worship. So, the note of praise refers to the tone or sound of expressing admiration or worship.

“The pealing anthem swells the note of praise” – means “The loud, resonant hymn increases the expression of praise.” This line describes how the powerful, ringing hymn enhances or amplifies the act of praising, creating a grand and uplifting atmosphere in the church.

Can storied urn – Storied means having stories or inscriptions. Urn refers to a large, often decorated vase, typically used to hold ashes of the deceased or as a memorial. So, storied urn means an urn with inscriptions or stories on it.

Or animated bust – Animated means lifelike or full of movement. Bust refers to a sculpture of a person’s head and upper body. So, animated bust means a sculpture that appears lifelike or realistic.

“Can storied urn or animated bust” – means “Can an urn with inscriptions or a lifelike sculpture.” This line questions whether memorials such as a decorated urn with stories or a realistic sculpture can effectively honor or preserve the memory of the deceased. It suggests a contemplation of the effectiveness of such monuments in comparison to the simple, humble lives of ordinary people.

Back to its mansion – Back to means returning to a previous place or state. Mansion here refers to a home or residence, often used metaphorically for a final resting place or grave.

Call the fleeting breath – Call means to summon or bring back. Fleeting means something that is passing quickly or temporary. Breath refers to life or the act of breathing.

“Back to its mansion call the fleeting breath” – means “Can life, which is short and temporary, be called back to its final resting place?” This line questions whether the brief and transient nature of life can return to its final resting place, which in this context is the grave. It reflects on the inevitability of death and the inability to bring back or reverse the fleeting nature of human life.

Can Honour’s voice – Honour’s voice refers to the praise or recognition given by others for someone’s achievements or status. Can means to be able to.

Provoke the silent dust – Provoke means to stimulate or incite. Silent dust refers to the remains or ashes of the deceased, which are silent and unmoving.

Can Honour’s voice provoke the silent dust – means “Can praise or recognition from others make the remains of the dead respond or come to life?” This line questions whether the honor and accolades given in life can affect or awaken those who have passed away and are now just dust. It reflects on the futility of worldly honors in the face of death, suggesting that such recognition cannot change or influence the dead.

Or Flatt’ry – Flatt’ry is an old-fashioned or shortened form of flattery. Flattery means excessive praise or compliments, often insincere, given to gain favor or approval.

Soothe the dull cold ear of Death – Soothe means to comfort or calm. Dull means lacking interest or feeling. Cold refers to the lack of warmth or life. Ear here symbolizes the ability to hear. Death refers to the end of life or the state of being deceased.

“Or Flatt’ry soothe the dull cold ear of Death” – means “Can flattery or excessive praise comfort or affect the unresponsive and lifeless state of Death?” This line questions whether flattering or insincere praise can have any impact on someone who is dead, emphasizing that such things are meaningless in the face of death. It reflects on the inability of worldly praise to influence or change the state of being deceased.

Perhaps – Perhaps means maybe or possibly, indicating uncertainty.

In this neglected spot – In this refers to the specific location being talked about. Neglected means not cared for or ignored. Spot means a specific place or area. So, in this neglected spot means in this area that has been overlooked or is not well-maintained.

Is laid – Is laid means to be placed or put down. In this context, it refers to being buried.

Perhaps in this neglected spot is laid – means “Maybe in this overlooked or poorly cared-for place, someone is buried.” This line suggests that someone might be resting in a grave located in a neglected or unkempt area of the churchyard, reflecting on the humble and often forgotten resting places of ordinary people.

Some heart – Some refers to an unspecified person or thing. Heart here means the emotional or spiritual center of a person.

Once pregnant – Once means at a past time. Pregnant means filled with or carrying something, often used metaphorically to suggest being full of potential or ideas.

With celestial fire – Celestial means heavenly or related to the skies. Fire here symbolizes passion, inspiration, or brilliance. So, celestial fire refers to a divine or heavenly passion or inspiration.

Some heart once pregnant with celestial fire – means “A person who was once filled with heavenly inspiration or great passion.” This line reflects on someone who had a deep, divine passion or brilliance in their life, highlighting that even those who were once highly inspired or passionate are now laid to rest in a humble or neglected grave.

Hands – Hands here represent the physical capability or power of a person, often symbolizing their ability to act or achieve something.

That the rod of empire might have sway’d – Rod is a symbol of power or authority, especially in the context of ruling or governing. Empire refers to a large, influential state or kingdom. Might have sway’d means could have exercised influence or control.

Hands, that the rod of empire might have sway’d – means “Hands that could have wielded or controlled the power of an empire.” This line suggests that the person could have had the power or authority to rule a vast empire. It reflects on the potential that the deceased had for great influence or leadership, which is now no longer realized.

Or wak’d – Or means “or.” Wak’d is an old-fashioned or shortened form of waked, which means “awakened” or “stirred up.”

To ecstasy – Ecstasy refers to intense joy or bliss, often a state of great emotional or spiritual excitement.

The living lyre – Living means alive or full of life. Lyre is a musical instrument often associated with poetry and music in classical literature. So, the living lyre symbolizes a person who has the ability to create or inspire beautiful and moving music or poetry.

“Or wak’d to ecstasy the living lyre” – means “Or stirred up the living instrument (or person) to great joy or inspiration.” This line suggests that the person had the potential to bring about intense joy or inspiration through their creative talents, such as music or poetry. It reflects on the unfulfilled potential for emotional or artistic expression that the deceased might have had.

But Knowledge – But is used to introduce a contrast or exception. Knowledge refers to understanding or learning, often symbolizing education or wisdom.

To their eyes – To their eyes means as seen or understood by them.

Her ample page – Her refers to Knowledge (personified as a woman). Ample means large or plentiful. Page refers to a sheet of writing or a chapter in a book.

“But Knowledge to their eyes her ample page” – means “But Knowledge shows them her extensive book or written work.” This line suggests that although the people may not have achieved great things or been honored in their lifetimes, they are still given the opportunity to learn and gain wisdom from the broad, extensive pages of Knowledge. It reflects the idea that education and understanding are available to all, even if worldly success is not.

Rich with the spoils of time – Rich means full or abundant. Spoils refers to valuable things gained, often through effort or over time. Of time means related to the passage of time. So, rich with the spoils of time means full of valuable knowledge or experiences gathered over time.

Did ne’er unroll – Did is used for emphasis or past tense. Ne’er is an old-fashioned form of never. Unroll means to reveal or display something that is rolled up.

“Rich with the spoils of time did ne’er unroll” – means “Full of valuable knowledge or experiences from the passage of time, but never revealed or displayed.” This line reflects on how the valuable lessons or knowledge accumulated over time were never shown or made known to others. It suggests that despite having a wealth of experience or wisdom, it was not shared or made visible.

Chill Penury – Chill means cold or emotionally cold. Penury means extreme poverty or lack of resources.

Repress’d – Repress’d is an old-fashioned form of repressed, which means to hold back or suppress.

Their noble rage – Noble means high-minded or admirable. Rage refers to intense passion or anger.

Chill Penury repress’d their noble rage – means “Extreme poverty held back their high-minded passion or anger.” This line suggests that the deep poverty they experienced stifled or suppressed their strong, admirable emotions or ambitions. It reflects on how financial hardship can limit or diminish a person’s potential or drive.

And froze – Froze means to become very cold or to make something very cold. It can also mean to stop or hinder.

The genial current – Genial means friendly, kind, or warm. Current here means a flow or movement, like a stream of water or an emotional flow.

Of the soul – Soul refers to the spiritual or emotional essence of a person.

“And froze the genial current of the soul” – means “And made the warm and friendly flow of emotions or spirit very cold.” This line suggests that extreme poverty or hardship not only held back their passions and ambitions but also stifled their warm, kind, and positive emotional qualities. It reflects how difficult circumstances can dampen or freeze a person’s natural warmth and spirit.

Full many a gem – Full many a means “many” or “a lot of.” Gem refers to a precious or valuable stone.

Of purest ray – Purest means the most pure or clear. Ray refers to a beam or stream of light.

Serene – Serene means calm, peaceful, or clear.

“Full many a gem of purest ray serene” – means “Many valuable things (or people) with the clearest and most peaceful light.” This line suggests that there are many precious and valuable things or individuals that possess a pure and peaceful quality, highlighting their hidden or unrecognized worth.

The dark – Dark means lacking light or something that is not easily seen.

Unfathom’d – Unfathom’d is an old-fashioned or shortened form of unfathomed, which means not measured or not fully explored.

Caves of ocean – Caves refer to natural underground spaces. Ocean refers to the vast body of saltwater that covers most of the Earth’s surface.

Bear – Bear means to carry or hold something.

“The dark unfathom’d caves of ocean bear” – means “The dark, unexplored depths of the ocean hold.” This line suggests that the deep, mysterious parts of the ocean contain or carry something valuable or hidden. It reflects on how even the darkest and least understood places can hold significant things or secrets.

Full many a flow’r – Full many a means “many” or “a lot of.” Flow’r is an old-fashioned or shortened form of flower, which is a plant with colorful petals.

Is born – Is born means comes into existence or is created.

To blush unseen – To blush means to show a pink or red color, often from shyness or beauty. Unseen means not noticed or observed.

“Full many a flow’r is born to blush unseen” – means “Many flowers are created to be beautiful but never seen by others.” This line reflects the idea that many beautiful things or individuals exist but go unnoticed or unappreciated. It emphasizes the hidden or unrecognized beauty in the world.

And waste – And connects this part of the line to what has been said before. Waste means to use something in a way that does not bring benefit or to let it go to waste.

Its sweetness – Its refers to the flower mentioned earlier. Sweetness refers to a pleasant smell or taste.

On the desert air – On means affecting or directed towards. Desert means a barren, empty, or lifeless place. Air refers to the atmosphere or space around.

“And waste its sweetness on the desert air” – means “And let its pleasant smell be lost in an empty or lifeless place.” This line suggests that the beauty or value of something (like the flower’s fragrance) is wasted because it is not noticed or appreciated in a barren or uninhabited place. It reflects on how something valuable can be lost or go unappreciated when there is no one around to recognize or enjoy it.

Some village-Hampden – Some means an unspecified or particular person. Village-Hampden refers to a person from a village who is being compared to John Hampden, a historical figure known for his courage and resistance in England. Here, it means a person of great bravery from a small village.

That with dauntless breast – That refers to the village-Hampden. Dauntless means fearless or brave. Breast here symbolizes the heart or spirit.

“Some village-Hampden, that with dauntless breast” – means “A person from a village who, with fearless spirit.” This line suggests a person from a small village who possesses great courage and bravery, similar to the historical figure John Hampden. It reflects on the potential for remarkable bravery and heroism even in those from humble or simple backgrounds.

The little tyrant – Little means small or insignificant. Tyrant refers to a ruler or person who is harsh or oppressive.

Of his fields – Of his fields means belonging to or related to his farmland or land.

Withstood – Withstood means to resist or stand up against.

Gray’s ‘Elegy’: Line-by-Line Analysis Guide describes the scenic beauty of the poem Elegy written in country churchyard.

“The little tyrant of his fields withstood” – means “The small or humble person who was like a tyrant on his own land stood up against.” This line suggests that the person, though modest or minor in stature, was a powerful or commanding figure on his own land and resisted or opposed challenges or threats. It reflects the idea that even those who seem small or insignificant can display strength and resistance in their own domain.

Some mute inglorious Milton – Some means an unspecified person. Mute means silent or not speaking. Inglorious means not famous or not celebrated. Milton refers to John Milton, a famous poet known for Paradise Lost. So, mute inglorious Milton refers to someone who could have been as talented as Milton but is unknown and silent.

Here may rest – Here means in this place (the graveyard). May rest means might find peace or be laid to rest.

“Some mute inglorious Milton here may rest” – means “An unknown and silent person who could have been as talented as Milton might be buried here.” This line suggests that there could be someone resting in the graveyard who had great potential or talent (like Milton) but never achieved fame or recognition. It reflects on the idea that many talented individuals may go unnoticed and remain unknown.

Some Cromwell – Some means an unspecified person. Cromwell refers to Oliver Cromwell, a historical figure who was a leader in the English Civil War. Cromwell is known for his role in the conflict and for leading his army against the monarchy.

Guiltless of his country’s blood – Guiltless means free from guilt or not responsible for wrongdoing. Of his country’s blood means related to the deaths or violence in his country.

“Some Cromwell guiltless of his country’s blood” – means “An individual who might have been like Cromwell but without being responsible for the deaths or violence in his country.” This line suggests that there could be someone buried here who had the potential to be a significant leader like Cromwell but who was not involved in the bloodshed or violence of his time. It reflects on the idea that some people may have had the potential for greatness but were not tainted by the negative aspects of historical conflict.

Th’ applause – Th’ is a shortened form of the. Applause means approval or praise, usually given by clapping.

Of list’ning senates – Of means belonging to or related to. List’ning means listening attentively. Senates refers to groups of important people, like a governing body or council.

To command – To command means to lead or be in control.

“Th’ applause of list’ning senates to command” – means “The praise from attentive groups of important people to lead or control.” This line suggests that there could be someone resting here who might have been capable of receiving praise and respect from influential people, and who could have been in a position of leadership or control. It reflects on the idea that some people buried here had the potential to achieve high status and command respect but never had the opportunity.

The threats – The refers to something specific. Threats are warnings or indications of danger or harm.

Of pain and ruin – Of means related to. Pain refers to physical or emotional suffering. Ruin means destruction or severe damage.

To despise – To despise means to look down on or regard with contempt.

“The threats of pain and ruin to despise” – means “To disregard or not be afraid of warnings about suffering and destruction.” This line suggests that there could be someone who was capable of ignoring or not being intimidated by the dangers of pain and destruction. It reflects on the strength and bravery of individuals who could face great threats without fear or concern.

To scatter plenty – To scatter means to spread or distribute something widely. Plenty means a large amount or abundance of something.

O’er – O’er is an old-fashioned or shortened form of over, which means covering or spreading across.

A smiling land – A smiling means looking happy or pleasant. Land refers to the countryside or area of land.

“To scatter plenty o’er a smiling land” – means “To spread abundance across a happy and pleasant countryside.” This line suggests the idea of generously distributing resources or blessings over a land that is flourishing or cheerful. It reflects the notion of providing abundance and prosperity to an area that is already thriving and positive.

And read – And connects this part to what has been said before. Read means to look at and understand written or spoken words.

Their hist’ry – Their refers to the people being discussed. Hist’ry is an old-fashioned or shortened form of history, which means the record of past events.

In a nation’s eyes – In means within or as seen by. A nation’s eyes means the perspective or view of the whole country or society.

“And read their hist’ry in a nation’s eyes” – means “And see their history as understood or recognized by the whole nation.” This line suggests that the achievements or contributions of individuals are acknowledged and remembered by the nation as a whole. It reflects the idea that the impact of these individuals can be seen and appreciated in the broader view of society and history.

Their lot forbade – Their lot means their fate or situation in life. Forbade means to prevent or not allow.

Nor circumscrib’d alone – Nor means “and not.” Circumscrib’d is an old-fashioned form of circumscribed, which means limited or restricted. Alone means just by itself.

Their growing virtues – Their refers to the people being discussed. Growing virtues means their developing good qualities or positive traits.

But their crimes confin’d – But means “and.” Crimes refer to wrongdoings or sins. Confin’d means restricted or limited.

“Their lot forbade: nor circumscrib’d alone / Their growing virtues, but their crimes confin’d” – means “Their fate not only prevented their growing good qualities from developing but also restricted their crimes.” This line suggests that the people’s circumstances not only limited their ability to develop positive qualities but also contained or restrained their wrongdoing. It reflects the idea that their situation in life had a limiting effect on both their potential for good and their capacity for bad actions.

Forbade – Forbade means to prevent or not allow.

To wade through slaughter – To wade through means to move through something, usually with difficulty. Slaughter means killing or mass destruction.

To a throne – To means reaching or arriving at. A throne refers to a seat of power or authority, often associated with kingship or leadership.

“Forbade to wade through slaughter to a throne” – means “Prevented them from achieving power by going through a path of violence and killing.” This line suggests that their situation did not allow them to gain power or status through violent means or by causing harm. It reflects the idea that their circumstances restricted them from pursuing greatness through destructive or harmful actions.

And shut – And connects this part to what has been said before. Shut means to close or block.

The gates of mercy – The gates refer to entrance points or openings. Of mercy means kindness or compassion.

On mankind – On means affecting or directed towards. Mankind refers to all human beings or humanity.

“And shut the gates of mercy on mankind” – means “And close off the possibility of kindness or compassion for humanity.” This line suggests that the situation prevented or blocked any chance for mercy or compassion to reach people. It reflects the idea that the individuals’ circumstances not only restricted their ability to gain power but also closed off opportunities for showing kindness or mercy to others.

The struggling pangs – The struggling means the intense effort or difficulty. Pangs are sharp, sudden pains or emotional distress.

Of conscious truth – Of means related to. Conscious truth refers to the truth that one is aware of or that one’s conscience knows.

To hide – To hide means to conceal or keep something from being seen.

“The struggling pangs of conscious truth to hide” – means “The intense efforts to conceal or keep hidden the painful truths that one is aware of.” This line suggests that there is a strong, painful struggle to hide or suppress the truths that one is conscious of. It reflects the internal conflict and distress involved in trying to keep hidden the truths that are known or felt deeply.

To quench – To quench means to put out or extinguish something, like a fire or a feeling.

The blushes – The blushes refer to the reddening of the face due to embarrassment or shame.

Of ingenuous shame – Of means related to. Ingenuous means innocent or straightforward. Shame is the feeling of embarrassment or guilt.

“To quench the blushes of ingenuous shame” – means “To put out or remove the reddening of the face caused by innocent or straightforward embarrassment.” This line suggests an effort to hide or alleviate the natural, innocent feelings of shame or embarrassment. It reflects the attempt to suppress or cover up the genuine, unpretentious reactions of shame that arise from honest or innocent behavior.

Or heap – Or means as an alternative or another option. Heap means to pile up or gather a large amount of something.

The shrine – The shrine refers to a place considered sacred or devoted to something.

Of Luxury and Pride – Of means related to. Luxury means great comfort or opulence, often associated with wealth. Pride refers to a sense of self-importance or superiority.

“Or heap the shrine of Luxury and Pride” – means “Or pile up or accumulate offerings at the place devoted to wealth and self-importance.” This line suggests that one might gather or collect items or honors for a place dedicated to wealth and vanity. It reflects the idea of focusing on accumulating or worshiping material wealth and self-esteem, rather than valuing more humble or meaningful aspects of life.

With incense – Incense refers to aromatic substances that are burned to produce a fragrant smoke, often used in religious or spiritual rituals.

Kindled – Kindled means ignited or set on fire, causing something to burn.

At the Muse’s flame – The Muse’s flame refers to the inspiration or creative fire provided by the Muses, who are the goddesses of the arts and literature in Greek mythology.

“With incense kindled at the Muse’s flame” – means “With fragrant smoke ignited by the fire of creative inspiration.” This line suggests that the incense, symbolizing an offering or creative act, is lit or fueled by the inspiration from the Muses. It reflects the idea that creativity and artistic expression are sparked and sustained by a divine or higher source of inspiration.

Far from – Far from means at a great distance away from something, both physically and metaphorically.

The madding crowd’s – Madding means acting in a frenzied or chaotic manner. The crowd refers to a large group of people. So, the madding crowd refers to a group of people behaving in a wild or uncontrollable way.

Ignoble strife – Ignoble means dishonorable or of low character. Strife means conflict or struggle. Ignoble strife refers to a shameful or dishonorable conflict or struggle.

“Far from the madding crowd’s ignoble strife” – means “At a great distance from the wild and dishonorable conflicts of the chaotic crowd.” This line suggests a peaceful, isolated place away from the chaos, conflicts, and lowly struggles of society. It reflects the idea of finding peace and serenity away from the troubles and negative influences of the world.

Their sober wishes – Their refers to the people being described. Sober means serious, calm, or restrained. Wishes refers to desires or aspirations. Sober wishes means their calm and modest desires.

Never learn’d – Never means not at any time. Learn’d (an old-fashioned spelling of “learned”) means acquired knowledge or became aware of something. So, never learn’d means they never became aware or experienced something.

To stray – To stray means to wander away from a path or go off course, often in a figurative sense, meaning to deviate from a set course or principles.

“Their sober wishes never learn’d to stray;” – means “Their calm and modest desires never wandered away from the right path.” This line suggests that the people being described had simple and restrained desires that remained focused and did not deviate or become corrupted by ambition or temptation. It reflects the idea of living a humble and content life without being led astray by excessive desires or ambitions.

Along – Along means moving in a constant direction on a path or course, or in the company of something.

The cool – Cool here refers to something refreshing, calm, or tranquil, often suggesting a peaceful environment.

Sequester’d – Sequester’d (an old-fashioned spelling of “sequestered”) means isolated or set apart from others, often in a quiet and private place.

Vale – Vale is another word for a valley, which is a low area of land between hills or mountains, often with a stream or river running through it. Here, it symbolizes a peaceful, sheltered place in life.

Of life – Of life means related to the experiences or journey of living.

“Along the cool sequester’d vale of life” – means “Moving through the calm and isolated valley of life.” This line suggests living a life that is peaceful, quiet, and away from the hustle and bustle of society. It evokes the image of a life lived in tranquility, away from the noise and chaos, in a serene and sheltered existence.

They kept – They refers to the people being described. Kept means continued or maintained something without change.

The noiseless – Noiseless means without noise, silent, or quiet. It suggests a calm, peaceful manner without disturbance.

Tenor – Tenor refers to the general course, direction, or character of something, often indicating a steady and consistent path.

Of their way – Of their way refers to the manner or path of their life or actions.

“They kept the noiseless tenor of their way” – means “They maintained a quiet and steady course in life.” This line suggests that the people lived their lives in a calm, consistent, and unobtrusive manner, without drawing attention to themselves. They followed a peaceful and humble path, maintaining a steady and gentle rhythm in their journey through life.

Some – Some means an unspecified or small number, indicating that what follows is one of possibly many similar things.

Frail – Frail means weak, delicate, or easily broken, suggesting that the object being described is not strong or enduring.

Memorial – Memorial refers to something that is established to remind people of a person or event, often a small monument or marker for someone who has died.

Still – Still here means “yet” or “continuing,” indicating that something persists or remains in place.

Erected – Erected means built or put up, usually referring to a physical structure like a monument or statue.

Nigh – Nigh means near or close by.

“Some frail memorial still erected nigh” – means “A delicate monument or marker is still set up nearby.” This line suggests that near the burial site, there remains a small and fragile monument, perhaps a simple gravestone or marker, which has been placed to honor and remember the deceased. Despite being weak or easily damaged, the memorial continues to stand close to where the person is buried, serving as a lasting, though vulnerable, tribute to their memory.

Uncouth – Uncouth means awkward, clumsy, or lacking in refinement. Here, it describes something that is not elegant or sophisticated.

Rhymes – Rhymes refers to verses or lines of poetry, especially ones that follow a particular rhythm or sound pattern. In this context, they are probably simple or poorly crafted verses.

Shapeless – Shapeless means lacking a clear or defined form, suggesting something that is not well-formed or structured.

Sculpture – Sculpture refers to a carved or molded figure, often a statue or relief, usually made from stone, metal, or other materials.

Deck’d – Deck’d (short for “decked”) means decorated or adorned with something.

“With uncouth rhymes and shapeless sculpture deck’d” – means “Decorated with awkward verses and unrefined sculptures.” This line suggests that the memorials or tombstones are adorned with rough, unpolished poetry and poorly crafted or undefined sculptures. These decorations are meant to honor the deceased, but they are simple and lack sophistication, reflecting the humble status of those buried there. The line paints a picture of a grave site that is not grand or elegant but rather plain and unrefined.

Implores – Implores means begs or earnestly asks for something. In this context, it suggests a deep, emotional request.

Passing – Passing here refers to something brief or momentary. It suggests something that occurs in a fleeting moment.

Tribute – Tribute refers to an act, statement, or gift that is meant to show respect, admiration, or honor. In this line, it is something small or simple given in recognition.

Sigh – Sigh refers to a deep breath often indicating sadness, relief, or longing. In this line, it is the small, emotional response that is being requested.

“Implores the passing tribute of a sigh” – means “Begs for a brief moment of respect shown by a sigh.” This line suggests that the memorial or memory of the deceased is asking for a small, momentary acknowledgment from those who pass by, such as a sigh. This sigh represents a simple, emotional tribute, showing respect or sorrow for the departed, even if only for a fleeting moment. It reflects the modesty of the request, fitting the humble nature of the lives being remembered.

Their name – Their name refers to the names of the people buried in the churchyard. The word name here symbolizes their identity, how they were known in life.

Their years – Their years refers to the lifespan of these people—the years they lived. It symbolizes the passage of time they experienced, from birth to death.

Spelt – Spelt means written or spelled out. In this context, it indicates that their names and years were written down, likely on a gravestone.

By th’ – By th’ is a shortened form of “by the.” This old-fashioned contraction is often used in poetry to fit the meter or rhyme scheme.

Unletter’d – Unletter’d means uneducated or illiterate. It refers to someone who lacks formal education, especially in reading and writing.

Muse – Muse in classical mythology refers to one of the goddesses who inspire the arts, particularly poetry. Here, muse symbolizes inspiration or creative influence, but in this case, it is unletter’d—uneducated or simple.

“Their name, their years, spelt by th’ unletter’d muse” – means “Their names and the years they lived, written down by someone uneducated.” This line suggests that the inscriptions on their gravestones were likely done by someone who was not formally educated, perhaps reflecting the humble, simple lives of the people buried there. Despite the lack of formal education, their memories are still preserved, even if imperfectly, by those who cared enough to mark their resting places. It highlights the idea that even the simplest of lives are worthy of remembrance.

Place – Place here means a location or position. In this context, it refers to a position or role in terms of recognition or commemoration.

Fame – Fame refers to widespread recognition or renown, usually because of achievements or notable qualities.

Elegy – Elegy is a type of poem or song that expresses sorrow for someone who has died. It is a mournful, reflective piece of writing or music in memory of the deceased.

Supply – Supply means to provide or fill a need.

“The place of fame and elegy supply” – means “They provide a role or function similar to that of fame and elegy.” This line suggests that the simple graveyard or the memorials within it offer a form of recognition and remembrance that is similar to what fame and elegy provide. Even though these individuals may not have achieved great fame or had grand elegies written for them, their resting place serves as a humble but significant form of recognition and respect. It emphasizes that even ordinary lives are deserving of remembrance and honor, fulfilling a role similar to that of celebrated fame and poetic tributes.

Holy – Holy means sacred or religious. It describes something that is considered special or significant in a religious context.

Text – Text refers to written material, especially in books or scriptures. In this context, it means religious writings or passages.

Around – Around means in various places or surrounding an area. Here, it indicates that the texts are scattered or placed in different locations.

She – She refers to a person, in this case, the person performing the action. In the context of the poem, this could refer to a figure like a grieving relative or a caretaker.

Strews – Strews means to scatter or spread things over an area. It suggests a gentle or deliberate spreading of items.

“And many a holy text around she strews” – means “And she scatters or places many religious writings around.” This line describes someone who places sacred or religious texts in various locations around the graveyard or tombstones. It indicates a practice of honoring the deceased with religious texts, which serve as a form of spiritual tribute or comfort. This act reflects a deep respect and a desire to provide a sacred and reverent atmosphere for the departed.

Teach – Teach means to instruct or show how to do something. Here, it refers to providing lessons or guidance.

Rustic – Rustic means related to the countryside or rural areas. It describes someone who is simple, unrefined, or living in a rural setting.

Moral – Moral refers to lessons or principles about right and wrong behavior.

Ist – Ist is a suffix used to form nouns indicating a person who practices or is concerned with something. Here, it means someone who follows or teaches morals.

Die – Die means to pass away or cease to live. In this context, it refers to the process of accepting or facing death.

“That teach the rustic moralist to die” – means “These texts provide lessons that help the simple country moralist learn how to face death.” This line suggests that the religious texts scattered around the graveyard offer guidance or comfort on how to approach and accept death. They are meant to teach the humble, rural people (the “rustic moralists”) about how to deal with their own mortality, encouraging them to face death with wisdom and dignity.

Dumb – Dumb means mute or silent. In this context, it describes forgetfulness as being silent or uncommunicative, implying that it causes a loss of memory or awareness.

Forgetfulness – Forgetfulness refers to the state of being unable to remember things. It suggests a loss of memory or oblivion.

Prey – Prey means something that is hunted or attacked. In this context, it means that someone is a victim or target of something.

“For who to dumb Forgetfulness a prey” – means “For those who become victims of silent forgetfulness.” This line suggests that the religious texts are meant for people who, after death, become victims of forgetfulness, meaning their memories and achievements are lost or forgotten over time. The line reflects the idea that despite their deeds or lives, people may eventually be forgotten, and these texts serve to offer some form of remembrance or lesson.

Pleasing – Pleasing means giving pleasure or satisfaction. It describes something that is enjoyable or delightful.

Anxious – Anxious means worried or uneasy. It describes a state of being nervous or concerned.

Being – Being refers to existence or the state of living. It denotes a person or entity in terms of their essence or nature.

E’er – E’er is an archaic or poetic contraction of ever, meaning always or at any time.

Resign’d – Resign’d means having given up or accepted something reluctantly. It suggests letting go or yielding to a situation.

“This pleasing anxious being e’er resign’d” – means “This enjoyable but worried existence always accepted or gave up.” This line reflects the idea that life, although it may bring pleasure, is also filled with anxiety and ultimately, people must accept or give up their concerns. It suggests a resignation to the nature of life, acknowledging both its joys and its worries.

Left – Left means to have departed from or abandoned something. It indicates that something has been left behind.

Warm – Warm means comfortably heated or pleasant. It suggests a sense of coziness or comfort.

Precincts – Precincts refer to areas or boundaries. In this context, it means the spaces or surroundings.

Cheerful – Cheerful means happy and light-hearted. It describes something that brings joy or brightness.

Day – Day refers to the period of daylight, typically from sunrise to sunset. It represents a time of light and activity.

“Left the warm precincts of the cheerful day” – means “Departed from the cozy and happy time of day.” This line suggests moving away from the pleasant and bright aspects of life (represented by the cheerful day) to a different, possibly less comforting state. It reflects the transition from the warmth and joy of daytime to the quieter, possibly more somber moments, such as night or death.

Cast – Cast means to throw or direct. In this context, it means to look or glance.

Longing – Longing means a strong, persistent desire or yearning. It describes a deep emotional wish or regret.

Ling’ring – Ling’ring is an archaic contraction of lingering, which means staying in a place longer than necessary or taking one’s time. It describes a slow, hesitant action.

Look – Look means to direct one’s gaze or attention. It refers to the act of seeing or observing.

Behind – Behind means at the back or in the past. In this context, it refers to what has been left or what is no longer present.

“Nor cast one longing, ling’ring look behind?” – means “And did not cast a single yearning or lingering glance back?” This line suggests that someone did not look back with regret or desire to return to what was left behind. It emphasizes a complete departure from the past without looking back, reflecting a sense of finality or acceptance of the change.

Some – Some is an adjective used to refer to an unspecified or unknown amount or person.

Fond – Fond means affectionate or loving. It describes a deep, caring feeling.

Breast – Breast in this context refers to a person’s chest or heart, symbolizing their emotional or sentimental nature.

Parting – Parting means leaving or separation. It describes the act of departing or saying goodbye.

Soul – Soul refers to the spiritual or immaterial part of a person, often considered the essence of their being.

Relies – Relies means depends on or trusts. It indicates reliance or trust in something or someone.

“On some fond breast the parting soul relies” – means “The departing soul depends on or trusts some loving person.” This line suggests that as someone is about to leave or die, they place their trust and comfort in the affection and support of a loved one. It reflects the idea that even in moments of separation or death, there is a reliance on the love and support of others.

Pious – Pious means deeply religious or devout. It describes someone who is earnest in their religious or moral duties.

Drops – Drops refers to small amounts of liquid. In this context, it suggests a small quantity of something like tears or a soothing liquid.

Closing – Closing means coming to an end or being shut. It describes the action of something shutting, such as the eye.

Eye – Eye refers to the organ that sees, but in this context, it symbolizes the act of seeing or the final moments of life.

Requires – Requires means needs or demands. It indicates something that is necessary or essential.

“Some pious drops the closing eye requires” – means “The closing eye needs a few drops of something pious or religious.” This line suggests that as someone is dying or their life is ending, they need a few religious or comforting tears, symbolizing the final rites or prayers. It reflects the idea that in the moments of death, some form of spiritual comfort or ritual is needed to bring peace.

Ev’n – Ev’n is an archaic contraction of even, meaning “even” or “just.” It is used here to mean “even” or “still.”

Tomb – Tomb refers to a grave or burial place where someone has been laid to rest after death.

Voice – Voice refers to the sound or expression used to convey something, in this context, it symbolizes an expression or message.

Nature – Nature refers to the inherent qualities or the natural world. In this line, it represents the fundamental truths or natural forces of life.

Cries – Cries means to shout or call out loudly. In this context, it means to express or make known loudly.

“Ev’n from the tomb the voice of Nature cries” – means “Even from the grave, the voice of Nature speaks out.” This line suggests that even after death, the fundamental truths or natural forces continue to make their presence known. It reflects the idea that the essence of life and the natural order persists beyond physical death.

Ashes – Ashes refer to the remains left after something has burned completely. In this context, it symbolizes the remains of the body after death.

Live – Live means to continue to exist or to remain alive.

Wonted – Wonted is an archaic term meaning “usual” or “customary.” It describes something that is habitual or expected.

Fires – Fires refer to flames or burning, but in this context, it symbolizes the passionate or intense qualities that once existed.

“Ev’n in our ashes live their wonted fires” – means “Even in our remains, the usual fiery qualities or passions still exist.” This line suggests that even after death, the intense qualities or passions of life continue to exist in the remnants of the body. It reflects the idea that the spirit or essence of a person remains, even in death.

Thee – Thee is an archaic form of you, used as an object of the verb or preposition.

Mindful – Mindful means being aware of or paying attention to something.

Th’ – Th’ is a contraction of the, used before a word starting with a vowel sound.

Unhonour’d – Unhonour’d means not honored or not given respect. It describes people who have not been recognized or celebrated.

Dead – Dead refers to those who have passed away. In this context, it means people who are buried or deceased.

“For thee, who mindful of th’ unhonour’d Dead” – means “For you, who are aware of and remember those who are not honored or celebrated.” This line addresses someone who is thoughtful and respectful of people who have died without receiving recognition or honor. It highlights the act of remembering and acknowledging the forgotten dead.

Dost – Dost is an archaic form of do, used with thou (you) to mean “do you.” It’s used here to ask a question.

Lines – Lines refer to the lines of poetry or writing. In this context, it means the verses of the poem.

Artless – Artless means simple or innocent, without any pretentiousness or complexity. It describes something genuine and unadorned.

Tale – Tale means a story or narrative.

Relate – Relate means to tell or describe.

“Dost in these lines their artless tale relate;” – means “Do you, in these lines, tell their simple and genuine story?” This line is asking if, in the verses of the poem, the writer is narrating the straightforward and sincere story of the people who are remembered. It highlights the act of telling the honest and unembellished story of the unhonored dead.

Chance – Chance refers to the possibility of something happening by accident or by luck, rather than by design or intention.

Lonely – Lonely means being alone or solitary.

Contemplation – Contemplation refers to deep and thoughtful consideration or reflection.

Led – Led is the past tense of lead, meaning guided or directed.

“If chance, by lonely contemplation led” – means “If by luck or accident, through solitary reflection or thinking,” This line sets up a condition where chance or luck, through solitary and thoughtful reflection, has brought someone to a particular place or situation. It suggests that this reflective and solitary state might be the reason for encountering or considering something specific.

Haply – Haply means “perhaps” or “by chance.” It suggests that something might happen or could be the case.

Hoary-headed – Hoary-headed means having gray or white hair, typically referring to an elderly person. “Hoary” suggests age and wisdom.

Swain – Swain is an old-fashioned word for a young man or a country lad. In this context, it refers to an old, simple countryman.

“Haply some hoary-headed swain may say” – means “Perhaps an old, gray-haired countryman might say.” This line suggests that there is a possibility that an elderly, rural person might express or comment on something. It indicates a potential or hypothetical situation where an old countryman could provide his thoughts or observations.

Oft – Oft is an old-fashioned way of saying often, meaning frequently or many times.

The peep of dawn – The peep of dawn refers to the very early morning when the first light of the day starts to appear. “Peep” means a small or gradual appearance, so it’s the time when the day is just beginning.

“Oft have we seen him at the peep of dawn” – means “We have often seen him early in the morning when the first light of day appears.” This line indicates that it was a common sight to see him out and about during the very early hours of the morning.

Brushing – Brushing means wiping or sweeping lightly, usually with a brush or hand.

Hasty – Hasty means quick or rushed. It suggests that something is done quickly and without much thought.

Steps – Steps refers to the actions of walking or moving by lifting and setting down one foot after the other.

The dews – The dews refers to the tiny droplets of moisture that form on surfaces during the early morning, usually from condensation.

“Brushing with hasty steps the dews away” – means “Quickly moving to brush off the morning dew.” This line describes someone hurriedly walking or moving to wipe away the dew that has formed on the ground or surfaces in the early morning.

The sun – The sun refers to the star that provides light and warmth to the Earth. In this context, it represents the rising sun in the morning.

The upland – The upland refers to elevated or higher ground, often found in the countryside. It is land that is higher than the surrounding area.

Lawn – Lawn refers to an area of grass, usually mowed and kept neat, typically found in gardens or fields.

“To meet the sun upon the upland lawn” – means “To come into contact with the rising sun on the high grassy field.” This line describes someone going to the elevated grassy area to encounter the sun as it rises in the morning. It paints a picture of greeting the new day on a beautiful, open piece of land.

At the foot – At the foot means at the base or bottom of something, like the bottom part of a hill or tree.

Yonder – Yonder is an old-fashioned word meaning “over there” or “in that direction.” It refers to something distant or further away.

Nodding – Nodding means moving or bending down in a way that resembles a nod. In this context, it describes the motion of the tree’s branches swaying gently.

Beech – Beech refers to a type of tree known for its smooth, gray bark and its broad leaves.

“There at the foot of yonder nodding beech” – means “At the base of that distant beech tree which is gently swaying.” This line describes a specific location at the bottom of a beech tree that is seen from a distance, with the tree’s branches moving gently. It sets a scene in a natural, peaceful setting.

Wreathes – Wreathes means to wrap or twist around something, like a garland or a loop of flowers. Here, it describes how the tree’s roots are wrapping around the ground or other objects.

Fantastic – Fantastic here means unusual or strikingly impressive. It suggests that the roots are not just ordinary but have an extraordinary appearance.

Roots – Roots are the parts of a plant or tree that grow underground, anchoring it in the soil and absorbing water and nutrients.

So high – So high means at a great height or elevated position. It emphasizes how high the roots appear to be reaching or wrapping.

“That wreathes its old fantastic roots so high” – means “The beech tree, which wraps its ancient and strikingly impressive roots up high.” This line describes how the old beech tree has roots that twist and turn in a remarkable way, reaching high up or being prominently visible.

Listless – Listless means lacking energy or enthusiasm. It describes a state of being tired or indifferent.

Length – Length refers to the extent of something from end to end. Here, it refers to the person’s body stretched out.

Noontide – Noontide is an old-fashioned word for noon, which is the middle of the day when the sun is at its highest point.

Stretch – Stretch means to extend or spread out something, such as one’s body or limbs.

“His listless length at noontide would he stretch” – means “He would stretch out his tired and unenergetic body at noon.” This line describes a person who, feeling lethargic and lacking energy, would stretch out his body during the middle of the day when the sun is high.

Pore – Pore means to look at something closely or carefully. In this context, it means to gaze or study something intently.

Brook – Brook is a small stream or a tiny river. It refers to a natural flowing watercourse.

Babbles – Babbles means to make a continuous, gentle, and murmuring sound, like the sound of flowing water. It describes how the brook sounds as it flows.

“And pore upon the brook that babbles by” – means “And look closely at the small stream that makes a gentle murmuring sound as it flows.” This line describes someone who, feeling relaxed and contemplative, would gaze carefully at the brook as it flows gently past.

Hard by – Hard by means very near or close to. It refers to something located nearby.

Yon – Yon is an old-fashioned word meaning “that” or “those,” and it refers to something distant or in the distance. Here, it points to the wood or forest that is visible but not very close.

Wood – Wood refers to a forest or a group of trees. It is a natural area covered with trees.

Smiling – Smiling means to show pleasure or satisfaction. Here, it is used figuratively to describe how the wood appears, as if it is expressing a kind of pleased or mocking expression.

As in scorn – As in scorn means in a manner that shows contempt or disdain. Scorn is a feeling of contempt or looking down on something.

“Hard by yon wood, now smiling as in scorn” – means “Very close to that distant wood, which now seems to be smiling as if it were mocking.” This line suggests that the nearby forest or wood appears to be smiling or showing a mocking expression, giving a sense of irony or disdain.

Mutt’ring – Mutt’ring is an old-fashioned way of writing muttering. Muttering means to speak in a low, often unclear voice, usually when someone is complaining or thinking out loud.

Wayward – Wayward means difficult to control or predict because of unusual or perverse behavior. It suggests that something is erratic or not following a clear path.

Fancies – Fancies means ideas or fantasies, often imaginative or whimsical thoughts that are not based on reality.

Would – Would indicates a habitual action or a past tendency. It suggests what the person used to do regularly or habitually.

Rove – Rove means to wander or roam without a fixed destination. It implies moving about aimlessly or exploring.

“Mutt’ring his wayward fancies he would rove” – means “Muttering his unpredictable and imaginative thoughts, he would wander around.” This line describes how the person would often speak softly to himself about his fanciful and unpredictable ideas while wandering aimlessly.

Drooping – Drooping means to hang down or bend, usually because of weakness or sadness. It describes a physical state of becoming limp or tired.

Woeful – Woeful means showing or expressing great sadness or distress. It indicates a deep sense of sorrow.

Wan – Wan means pale and weak, often looking ill or exhausted. It describes someone who looks drained or lacking in color.

Forlorn – Forlorn means feeling lonely, abandoned, or hopeless. It describes someone who is sad and desolate, often with a sense of being neglected or left alone.

“Now drooping, woeful wan, like one forlorn” – means “Now looking sad and weak, like a person who feels lonely and abandoned.” This line describes a person who appears to be in a state of sadness and exhaustion, resembling someone who feels desolate and abandoned.

Craz’d – Craz’d is an old-fashioned way of saying crazed, which means to be overwhelmed or driven to madness. Here, it means being mentally disturbed or driven nearly mad.

With care – With care means because of worry or anxiety. It suggests that the madness or distress is caused by excessive concern or trouble.

Cross’d – Cross’d is an old-fashioned way of saying crossed, which means to be thwarted or hindered. Here, it means being troubled or defeated by something.

In hopeless love – In hopeless love means experiencing love that seems impossible or unattainable. It describes a love that causes despair because it feels never to be fulfilled.

“Or craz’d with care, or cross’d in hopeless love” – means “Or driven mad by worry, or troubled by love that feels impossible.” This line describes someone who might be suffering due to overwhelming anxiety or frustration, or experiencing heartache and despair from unfulfilled or hopeless love.

One morn – One morn means one morning. It refers to a specific morning in the past.

I miss’d – I miss’d is an old-fashioned way of saying I missed. It means not seeing someone or something that was expected to be present.

The custom’d hill – The custom’d hill means the hill that was usual or familiar. Custom’d is an old-fashioned way of saying customary or usual, referring to a place where the person would regularly be seen.

“One morn I miss’d him on the custom’d hill” – means “One morning, I did not see him on the hill where he usually was.” This line expresses that the speaker noticed the absence of a person who was normally present at a particular place each morning.

The heath – The heath refers to a type of open, grassy area or land that is usually covered with shrubs and plants.

Fav’rite – Fav’rite is an old-fashioned or shortened way of saying favorite, meaning something preferred or liked best.

Tree – Tree is a large plant with a trunk and branches.

“Along the heath and near his fav’rite tree;” – means “Moving along the grassy open land and close to his favorite tree.” This line describes the location where the person is typically found, indicating that he liked to spend time in this specific area and near a particular tree he preferred.

Yet – Yet means at that time or still.

The rill – The rill is a small stream or a tiny, gentle flow of water.

“Another came; nor yet beside the rill” – means “Another person arrived; and he still was not found next to the small stream.” This line indicates that although another person came, he was not found in the place by the small stream where one might have expected to see him.

Up the lawn – Up the lawn means moving or going towards the higher end of the grassy area.

At the wood – At the wood means next to or in the location of the forest or group of trees.

Was he – Was he means he was not present.

“Nor up the lawn, nor at the wood was he” – means “He was not found going up the grassy area, and he was not at the forest either.” This line indicates that the person was missing from both the higher part of the lawn and the area near the forest.

With dirges due – With dirges means with funeral songs or poems. Due here means appropriate or fitting.

In sad array – In sad array means in a mournful or sorrowful arrangement.

“The next with dirges due in sad array” – means “The next person or group came with appropriate funeral songs, arranged in a mournful way.” This line indicates that the following individuals arrived with sorrowful music or poetry that is fitting for a funeral.

Slow thro’ – Slow means moving at a slow pace. Thro’ is a shortened form of through, meaning along.

The church-way path – The church-way path refers to the path that leads to the church.

We saw him borne – We saw him means we saw him being carried. Borne means carried.

“Slow thro’ the church-way path we saw him borne” – means “We saw him being carried slowly along the path that leads to the church.” This line describes the scene where the person is being slowly carried along the path to the church, likely as part of a funeral procession.

Approach – Approach means come closer.

And read – And read means and look at the writing or text.

(For thou canst read) – for thou canst read means because you are able to read. Thou is an old-fashioned way of saying you. Canst is an old-fashioned way of saying can.

The lay – The lay refers to the poem or song.

“Approach and read (for thou canst read) the lay” – means Come closer and read the poem or song (because you are able to read). This line is inviting someone to come nearer and read the written piece, assuming they have the ability to do so.

Grav’d – Grav’d means carved or engraved. It’s a shortened, old-fashioned way of saying engraved.

On the stone – On the stone means on the surface of the stone.

Beneath – Beneath means under or below.

Yon – Yon means that or those (referring to something that is far away).

Aged – Aged means old.

Thorn – Thorn is a sharp point on a plant or bush, like a small, hard, and pointed projection.

“Grav’d on the stone beneath yon aged thorn” – means Carved into the stone that is placed under that old thorn bush. This line describes the location where something has been engraved: on a stone that is found underneath an old thorn bush.

THE EPITAPH:

Rests – Rests means lies down or is placed gently.

His head – His head refers to the person’s head.

The lap – The lap is the upper part of the legs when sitting, used here to mean a resting place or surface.

Of Earth – Of Earth means belonging to the ground or the planet we live on.

“Here rests his head upon the lap of Earth” – means Here, his head is gently placed on the ground, as if the Earth itself is cradling or supporting him. This line suggests that the person is buried or resting in the ground, with the Earth acting as a comforting and supportive surface.

A youth – A youth means a young person or a young man.

Fortune – Fortune means wealth or success.

To Fame – To Fame means to public recognition or being well-known.

Unknown – Unknown means not known or not recognized.

“A youth to Fortune and to Fame unknown” – means A young person who is not known by or does not have success or public recognition. This line suggests that the young man was not famous or wealthy during his life; he was unknown to these aspects of society.

Fair – Fair means beautiful or pleasant.

Science – Science refers to knowledge or learning.

Frown’d – Frown’d means looked disapprovingly or showed displeasure.

Humble – Humble means modest or lowly.

Birth – Birth refers to the circumstances of one’s early life or origin.

“Fair Science frown’d not on his humble birth” – means Knowledge or learning did not disapprove of or look down upon his modest origins. This line suggests that the young man’s lack of wealth or social status did not prevent him from being valued by knowledge or learning. It implies that despite his humble beginnings, he was still respected by the world of learning.

Large – Large means big or generous.

Bounty – Bounty means generosity or kindness.

Soul – Soul refers to a person’s spirit or inner self.

Sincere – Sincere means genuine or honest.

“Large was his bounty, and his soul sincere” – means He was very generous, and his inner self was genuine and honest. This line highlights that the person was not only very generous in giving but also had a true and honest character.

Heav’n – Heav’n is a shortened form of Heaven, which means the place where God or gods live.

Recompense – Recompense means reward or compensation.

Largely – Largely means in a big or generous way.

“Heav’n did a recompense as largely send” – means Heaven gave a very generous reward. This line suggests that because of the person’s generosity and sincerity, Heaven gave them a great and generous reward in return.

He gave to Mis’ry all he had, a tear” -This means that the person gave his only possession, which was a tear (a sign of his own sadness), to those who were suffering. In simple terms, it shows that he showed his sympathy and compassion by shedding a tear for the suffering of others.

“He gain’d from Heav’n (’twas all he wish’d) a friend” -This means that he received what he most desired from Heaven, which was a friend. In simpler terms, it shows that his greatest wish was granted by Heaven, and that wish was to have a friend.

“No farther seek his merits to disclose” -This means don’t search any further to reveal his good qualities or achievements. In simpler terms, it suggests that there is no need to look any further to find out or show what makes him special or worthy.

“Or draw his frailties from their dread abode” –This means don’t bring out or reveal his weaknesses from the place where they are hidden or feared. In simpler terms, it suggests that there is no need to uncover or expose his flaws or weaknesses from where they are hidden or kept secret.

“The bosom of his Father and his God” -This means the place of comfort and safety in the care of his Father (perhaps referring to God or a divine figure) and his God. In simpler terms, it suggests that he is in a place of peace and safety, cared for by both a paternal figure and a divine being.

Gray’s ‘Elegy’: Line-by-Line Analysis Guide helps you to learn the poem in detail.

The tranquil mood of the poem evokes a sense of calm and serenity, turning our minds to a state of peace.